What is Carol Gilligan theory?

Carol Gilligan’s Theory of Moral Development

Carol Gilligan, a renowned psychologist, developed a groundbreaking theory of moral development that challenged the prevailing theories of her time, particularly Lawrence Kohlberg’s theory. Gilligan’s theory focused on the unique moral perspectives and experiences of women, highlighting the importance of care and relationships in their moral decision-making.

Ethics of Care

Central to Gilligan’s theory is the concept of an “ethics of care.” She proposed that women prioritize caring for others and maintaining relationships as they develop their sense of morality. This ethics of care emphasizes empathy, understanding the needs of others, and prioritizing the well-being of those around them.

Divergence from Kohlberg’s Theory

Gilligan’s theory diverges from Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, which emphasizes an “ethics of justice.” Kohlberg’s theory suggests that individuals progress through stages of moral development, prioritizing rules, principles, and abstract concepts of fairness. Gilligan argued that women’s moral decision-making often diverges from this focus on justice, instead centering around caring for others and maintaining relationships.

Stages of Moral Development

Gilligan’s theory includes three main stages and two transitional stages in women’s moral development:

1. Pre-conventional

   In this stage, the focus is on individual survival and self-interest. Women prioritize their own needs and desires above the needs of others.

2. Conventional

   The emphasis is on self-sacrifice and meeting the expectations of others. Women prioritize the well-being of their family, friends, and community, often neglecting their own needs.

3. Post-conventional

   This stage involves the principle of nonviolence and a consideration of the well-being of oneself and others. Women develop a sense of universal responsibility and strive to create a more just and caring world.

Gilligan’s theory has had a significant impact on the field of psychology and has contributed to a greater understanding of the diverse ways in which individuals develop moral values and make ethical decisions.

References

• Gilligan, C. (1982). In a different voice: Psychological theory and women’s development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
• Gilligan, C. (1977). In a different voice: Women’s conceptions of self and of morality. Harvard Educational Review, 47(4), 481-517.
• Kohlberg, L. (1981). The philosophy of moral development. San Francisco: Harper & Row.

FAQs

What is Carol Gilligan’s theory of moral development?

Carol Gilligan’s theory of moral development proposes that women prioritize an “ethics of care” as their sense of morality evolves along with their sense of self. This ethics of care emphasizes empathy, maintaining relationships, and considering the needs of others.

How does Gilligan’s theory differ from Kohlberg’s theory?

Gilligan’s theory diverges from Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, which focuses on an “ethics of justice” prioritizing rules and principles. Gilligan argues that women’s moral decision-making is more centered around caring for others rather than abstract principles of justice.

What are the stages of moral development in Gilligan’s theory?

Gilligan’s theory includes three main stages and two transitional stages in women’s moral development:

• Pre-conventional: Focus on individual survival and self-interest.
• Conventional: Emphasis on self-sacrifice and meeting the expectations of others.
• Post-conventional: Principle of nonviolence and consideration of the well-being of oneself and others.

What is the significance of Gilligan’s theory?

Gilligan’s theory has had a significant impact on the field of psychology by challenging the prevailing theories of moral development and highlighting the unique moral perspectives and experiences of women. It has contributed to a greater understanding of the diverse ways in which individuals develop moral values and make ethical decisions.